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        <h1 id="总章"><a href="#总章" class="headerlink" title="总章"></a>总章</h1><blockquote>
<p>从输入url到页面加载完成,发生了什么?    – 一下简称步骤</p>
</blockquote>
<ol>
<li>通过DNS(域名解析系统)将URL解析为对应的IP地址</li>
<li>通过IP地址和确定的那台服务器建立TCP网络连接</li>
<li>发起HTTP请求</li>
<li>服务器处理请求后返回HTTP响应</li>
<li>浏览器获取数据,解析内容,渲染页面</li>
</ol>
<p>前端性能优化方案,就需要在这五个步骤中考量.</p>
<h2 id="网络层面"><a href="#网络层面" class="headerlink" title="网络层面"></a>网络层面</h2><ol>
<li>针对dns,浏览器dns缓存等</li>
<li>针对tcp,长连接,预连接</li>
<li>针对http请求,减少http请求次数,减少请求体积,部署cdn</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="客户端"><a href="#客户端" class="headerlink" title="客户端"></a>客户端</h2><ul>
<li>资源加载优化</li>
<li>服务端渲染</li>
<li>浏览器缓存机制的利用</li>
<li>DOM 树的构建</li>
<li>网页排版和渲染过程</li>
<li>回流与重绘的考量</li>
<li>DOM 操作的合理规避等等</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="HTTP优化"><a href="#HTTP优化" class="headerlink" title="HTTP优化"></a>HTTP优化</h1><blockquote>
<p>webpack 性能调优与 Gzip 原理</p>
</blockquote>
<p>HTTP 压缩就是以缩小体积为目的，对 HTTP 内容进行重新编码的过程.最常用的方案就是gzip.</p>
<p>http优化有两个方向:<strong>减少请求次数</strong>和<strong>减少单次请求所花费的时间</strong>.其实就是资源的合并与压缩.</p>
<h1 id="图片"><a href="#图片" class="headerlink" title="图片"></a>图片</h1><p>在计算机中，像素用二进制数来表示。不同的图片格式中像素与二进制位数之间的对应关系是不同的。一个像素对应的二进制位数越多，它可以表示的颜色种类就越多，成像效果也就越细腻，文件体积相应也会越大。</p>
<p>一个二进制位表示两种颜色（0|1 对应黑|白），如果一种图片格式对应的二进制位数有 n 个，那么它就可以呈现 2^n 种颜色。…</p>
<h2 id="JPEG-x2F-JPG"><a href="#JPEG-x2F-JPG" class="headerlink" title="JPEG&#x2F;JPG"></a>JPEG&#x2F;JPG</h2><p>JPG 最大的特点是有损压缩。这种高效的压缩算法使它成为了一种非常轻巧的图片格式。另一方面，即使被称为“有损”压缩，JPG的压缩方式仍然是一种高质量的压缩方式：当我们把图片体积压缩至原有体积的 50% 以下时，JPG 仍然可以保持住 60% 的品质。此外，JPG 格式以 24 位存储单个图，可以呈现多达 1600 万种颜色，足以应对大多数场景下对色彩的要求，这一点决定了它压缩前后的质量损耗并不容易被我们人类的肉眼所察觉——前提是你用对了业务场景。…</p>
<p>JPG 的缺陷<br>有损压缩在上文所展示的轮播图上确实很难露出马脚，但当它处理矢量图形和 Logo 等线条感较强、颜色对比强烈的图像时，人为压缩导致的图片模糊会相当明显。</p>
<p>此外，JPEG 图像不支持透明度处理，透明图片需要召唤 PNG 来呈现。…</p>
<p>JPG 适用于呈现色彩丰富的图片，在我们日常开发中，JPG 图片经常作为大的背景图、轮播图或 Banner 图出现。</p>
<h2 id="png"><a href="#png" class="headerlink" title="png"></a>png</h2><p>PNG（可移植网络图形格式）是一种无损压缩的高保真的图片格式。8 和 24，这里都是二进制数的位数。按照我们前置知识里提到的对应关系，8 位的 PNG 最多支持 256 种颜色，而 24 位的可以呈现约 1600 万种颜色。</p>
<p>PNG 图片具有比 JPG 更强的色彩表现力，对线条的处理更加细腻，对透明度有良好的支持。它弥补了上文我们提到的 JPG 的局限性，唯一的 BUG 就是体积太大。…</p>
<p>考虑到 PNG 在处理条和颜色对比度方面的优势，我们主要用它来呈现小的 Logo、颜色简单且对比强烈的图片或背景等。</p>
<h2 id="SVG"><a href="#SVG" class="headerlink" title="SVG"></a>SVG</h2><p>和性能关系最密切的一点就是：SVG 与 PNG 和 JPG 相比，文件体积更小，可压缩性更强。</p>
<p>SVG 的局限性主要有两个方面，一方面是它的渲染成本比较高，这点对性能来说是很不利的。另一方面，SVG 存在着其它图片格式所没有的学习成本（它是可编程的）。</p>
<p>iconfont就是svg格式的</p>
<h2 id="Base64"><a href="#Base64" class="headerlink" title="Base64"></a>Base64</h2><p>一般用于特别小的logo,不方便使用雪碧图处理,可以直接写在代码中来减少http请求次数</p>
<p>实际用的地方</p>
<ul>
<li>图片的实际尺寸很小（大家可以观察一下掘金页面的 Base64 图，几乎没有超过 2kb 的）</li>
<li>图片无法以雪碧图的形式与其它小图结合（合成雪碧图仍是主要的减少 HTTP 请求的途径，Base64 是雪碧图的补充）</li>
<li>图片的更新频率非常低（不需我们重复编码和修改文件内容，维护成本较低）…</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="WebP"><a href="#WebP" class="headerlink" title="WebP"></a>WebP</h2><p>支持无损和有损压缩,优于jpg和png.但是兼容性太差</p>
<h1 id="浏览器缓存机制介绍与缓存策略剖析"><a href="#浏览器缓存机制介绍与缓存策略剖析" class="headerlink" title="浏览器缓存机制介绍与缓存策略剖析"></a>浏览器缓存机制介绍与缓存策略剖析</h1><blockquote>
<p>通过网络获取内容既速度缓慢又开销巨大。较大的响应需要在客户端与服务器之间进行多次往返通信，这会延迟浏览器获得和处理内容的时间，还会增加访问者的流量费用。因此，缓存并重复利用之前获取的资源的能力成为性能优化的一个关键方面。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>缓存可以减少网络 IO 消耗，提高访问速度。浏览器缓存是一种操作简单、效果显著的前端性能优化手段。</p>
<p>浏览器缓存机制有四个方面，它们按照获取资源时请求的优先级依次排列如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>Memory Cache</li>
<li>Service Worker Cache</li>
<li>HTTP Cache</li>
<li>Push Cache</li>
</ol>
<p>HTTP 缓存是我们日常开发中最为熟悉的一种缓存机制。它又分为强缓存和协商缓存。优先级较高的是强缓存，在命中强缓存失败的情况下，才会走协商缓存。</p>
<p>强缓存是利用 http 头中的 Expires 和 Cache-Control 两个字段来控制的。强缓存中，当请求再次发出时，浏览器会根据其中的 expires 和 cache-control 判断目标资源是否“命中”强缓存，若命中则直接从缓存中获取资源，不会再与服务端发生通信。…</p>
<p>强缓存的实现：从 expires 到 cache-control</p>

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